Discrimination | HIV/AIDS | Rhode Island

Yes, Rhode Island has enacted two separate laws that prohibit discrimination against people with HIV or AIDS.

• Premyèman, Rhode Island gen yon lwa anti-diskriminasyon ki gen rapò eksplisitman ak VIH. Lwa sa a prevwa ke "[p]èsonn, ajans, òganizasyon, oswa antite legal pa ka diskrimine kont yon moun sou baz yon rezilta tès VIH pozitif, oswa pèsepsyon yon tès pozitif, nan lojman, edikasyon, travay, akòde kredi, lojman piblik, oswa livrezon sèvis..." (RI ST 23-6.3-11)
• Second, people with HIV are protected under laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability. This includes the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),2  and analogous Rhode Island disability & antidiscrimination laws. (42 U.S.C. § 12101)

Lwa kont diskriminasyon kont andikap pwoteje moun ki gen SIDA oswa ki VIH pozitif, menm si yo pa gen okenn sentòm epi yo pa gen okenn siy maladi aparan oswa aparan. Yo pwoteje tou moun yo konsidere oswa yo pèsevwa kòm moun ki gen VIH.

Under the ADA, but not Rhode Island law, these laws also prohibit discrimination against a person who does not have HIV, but who “associates” with a person with HIV — such as friends, lovers, spouses, roommates, business associates, advocates, and caregivers of persons with HIV.

Yon patwon pa ka pran mezi negatif kont yon kandida oswa yon anplwaye tou senpleman paske moun nan gen yon andikap tankou VIH oswa SIDA. Sa vle di yon patwon pa ka revoke, refize anboche, reanboche, oswa pwomosyon, oswa fè diskriminasyon nan tèm oswa kondisyon travay, paske moun nan gen VIH oswa li gen SIDA.

Fòk nou konsantre isit la se si yon moun ki gen SIDA oswa VIH te trete yon fason diferan pase lòt kandida oswa anplwaye ki nan menm sitiyasyon.

Men kèk egzanp diskriminasyon ilegal:

• Yon patwon pa ka refize anboche yon moun ki gen VIH paske li pè ke VIH la ka transmèt bay lòt anplwaye oswa bay kliyan.

• Yon patwon pa ka refize anboche oswa pran yon desizyon sou anplwa ki baze sou posibilite, oswa menm pwobabilite, pou yon moun vin malad epi li pa pral kapab fè travay la nan lavni.
• Yon anplwayè pa ka refize anboche yon moun paske sa ap ogmante prim asirans sante oswa konpansasyon travayè.

Dapre lalwa Rhode Island, yon tès VIH pa dwe yon kondisyon pou anplwa (RI ST 23-6.3-11).

Under the ADA and Rhode Island law (42 U.S.C. 12112; RI ST 28-5-7(4)(i)), prior to employment, an employer cannot ask questions that are aimed at determining whether an employee has a disability.  Examples of prohibited pre-employment questions are:

• Èske ou janm te entène lopital oubyen anba swen yon doktè?

• Èske ou janm te resevwa benefis pou aksidan travay oswa andikap?
• Ki medikaman ou pran?
• Sepandan, yon anplwayè ka mande yon kandida si li gen konesans, konpetans ak kapasite pou fè fonksyon travay la.

After a conditional offer of employment, an employer may require a physical examination or medical history solely for the purpose of determining if an employee can perform the essential job functions with reasonable accommodation.  The job offer, however, may not be withdrawn unless the results demonstrate that the person cannot perform the essential functions of the job with or without reasonable accommodation.  The same medical inquiries must be made of each person in the same job category.  In addition, these physical examination and medical history records must be segregated from personnel records, and there are strict confidentiality protections.

The risk of HIV transmission from a health care worker to a patient is considered so small that it approaches zero.  Nevertheless, in cases where hospitals have sought to restrict or terminate the privileges of HIV-positive health care workers who perform invasive procedures, courts have reacted with tremendous fear and have insisted on an impossible “zero risk” standard. As a result, the small number of courts that have addressed this issue under the ADA have upheld such terminations.

Dispozisyon anplwa ki nan ADA a prevwa ke yon anplwaye pa kalifye pou fè travay la si li poze yon "menas dirèk pou sante oswa sekirite lòt moun". Pou detèmine si yon anplwaye poze yon "menas dirèk", yon tribinal analize:

• Nati, dire ak gravite risk la;
• Pwobabilite risk la; epi
• Si wi ou non risk la ka elimine pa akomodasyon rezonab.

Sepandan, nan ka travayè swen sante ki VIH pozitif yo, tribinal yo inyore pwobabilite trè lejè risk la epi yo konsantre sou nati, dire ak gravite risk la. Ekstrè sa a ki soti nan yon ka resan se tipik apwòch tribinal yo:

“We hold that Dr. Doe does pose a significant risk to the health and safety of his patients that cannot be eliminated by reasonable accommodation. Although there may presently be no documented case of surgeon-to-patient transmission, such transmission clearly is possible. And, the risk of percutaneous injury can never be eliminated through reasonable accommodation.  Thus, even if Dr. Doe takes extra precautions … some measure of risk will always exist …” (Doe v. University of Maryland Medical Systems Corporation, 50 F.3d 1261 (1995)).

It is important to note that only a small number of courts have addressed the rights of HIV-­positive health care workers.  The AIDS Law Project believes that these cases have been incorrectly decided and are inconsistent with the intent of Congress in passing the ADA.   Because of the unsettled nature of the law in this area, a health care worker who is confronted with potential employment discrimination should consult a lawyer or public health advocate.

Malgre ke li ka itil pou konsilte avèk yon avoka, etap sa yo ka itil pou kòmanse konsidere epi evalye yon pwoblèm diskriminasyon nan travay potansyèl:

1. Konsidere diferans ki genyen ant enjistis ak diskriminasyon ilegal. An rezime, lalwa travay la se ke yo ka revoke yon anplwaye pou yon bon rezon, yon move rezon, oswa pa gen okenn rezon ditou. Yo ka revoke yon moun legalman pou anpil rezon, tankou yon move "konpatibilite pèsonalite". Sa yo pa ka revoke l pou yon rezon diskriminatwa ki espesyalman entèdi pa yon lwa.

2. Pou w ka pwouve yon plent pou diskriminasyon (sa vle di, ke yo te revoke w, degrade w, elatriye akoz diskriminasyon epi non pa akoz yon rezon lejitim), ou dwe kapab montre bagay sa yo:

• Patwon-an te konnen oswa te dekouvri ke ou VIH pozitif oswa ou gen SIDA;
• Ou te kalifye pou fè fonksyon esansyèl travay la avèk oswa san aranjman rezonab; epi
• Yo te pran aksyon negatif kont ou akòz estati VIH oswa SIDA ou epi rezon pretèks anplwayè a bay pou aksyon negatif la se fo.

3. Si patwon ou konnen ou gen VIH oswa SIDA, idantifye egzakteman ki moun ki konnen, kijan yo konnen, ak ki lè yo te dekouvri sa. Si ou pa di patwon ou, èske gen nenpòt lòt fason patwon an ta ka konnen oswa sispèk estati VIH ou a?

4. Konsidere rezon ki fè ou kwè ke yo ap trete w yon fason diferan akòz estati VIH ou a, tankou domèn sa yo:

• Èske lòt anplwaye ki nan menm sitiyasyon yo te trete menm jan an oswa yon lòt jan?
• Èske patwon ou an te swiv règleman pèsonèl li yo?
• Èske tretman negatif la te kòmanse yon ti tan apre anplwayè a te aprann estati VIH ou a?
• Èske ou te pèdi travay ou akòz maladi pandan nenpòt peryòd tan epi èske tretman negatif la te kòmanse lè ou te retounen nan travay?
• Ki vèsyon patwon ou a pral bay sou evènman yo? Kijan ou pral pwouve ke vèsyon patwon an se fo?

5. Èske w gen difikilte pou w ranpli devwa travay ou akòz nenpòt pwoblèm sante oswa medikal ki gen rapò ak VIH? Èske kondisyon w lan anpeche w travay aplentan, oswa èske w bezwen pran konje pou randevou medikal, travay ki pi lejè oswa yon pozisyon ki mwens estrèsan? Ou ta ka vle eseye fè brainstorming pou kreye yon aranjman rezonab ke ou ka pwopoze bay anplwayè w la. Men kèk pwen pou w konsidere:

• Ki jan konpayi an fonksyone e kijan akomodasyon an ta mache an pratik?
• Mete tèt ou nan plas sipèvizè w la. Ki objeksyon yo ta ka soulve kont aranjman rezonab yo mande a? Pa egzanp, si ou bezwen kite nan yon sèten lè pou randevou medikal, ki moun ki ta ranplase devwa w yo?

It is illegal under Rhode Island’s HIV-specific antidiscrimination law (RI ST 23-6.3-11), Rhode Island’s disability antidiscrimination law (RI ST 34-37-4), as well as the National Fair Housing Amendments of 1989 (42 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3619), to discriminate in the sale or rental of housing on the basis of HIV status.  A person cannot be evicted from an apartment because of his or her HIV or AIDS status, or because he or she is regarded as having HIV or AIDS.

There are no exceptions to housing discrimination on the basis of HIV status under Rhode Island’s HIV-specific law (RI ST 23-6.3-11). Rhode Island’s disability antidiscrimination law exempts residences where there are three or fewer apartments and the owner occupies one of the units (RI ST 34-37-4). In addition, the federal Fair Housing Act exempts, in some circumstances, ownership-occupied buildings with no more than four units, single-family housing sold or rented without the use of a broker, and housing operated by organizations and private clubs that limit occupancy to members (42 U.S.C. § 3604).

Yes, under Rhode Island’s HIV-specific antidiscrimination statute (RI ST 23-6.3-11), Rhode Island’s disability antidiscrimination law (RI ST 11-24-2), as well as the ADA (42 U.S.C. § 12182), it is unlawful to exclude a person with HIV from a public place (what the law refers to as a “public accommodation”) or to provide unequal or restricted services to a person with HIV in a public place.  Under both statutes, the term “public accommodation” includes any establishment or business that offers services to the public.

Se poutèt sa, moun ki gen VIH yo pwoteje kont diskriminasyon nan prèske tout kote piblik oswa biznis, tankou ba, restoran, otèl, magazen, lekòl, pwogram pwofesyonèl oswa lòt pwogram edikasyonèl, taksi, otobis, avyon ak lòt mwayen transpò, klib sante, lopital ak kabinè medikal ak dantis, depi etablisman sa yo jeneralman ouvè pou piblik la.

Kwè li ou pa, moun ki gen VIH toujou ap fè fas ak diskriminasyon nan men lopital, doktè, dantis ak lòt founisè swen sante. Diskriminasyon sa a ka pran fòm yon refi kareman pou bay sèvis medikal oswa yon referans ilegal akòz estati VIH yon pasyan.

Doktè yo tipikman eseye jistifye diskriminasyon kont moun ki gen VIH ak youn nan de agiman sa yo:

1. “Trete Moun ki gen VIH se Danjere” (Gen kèk doktè ki refize trete moun ki gen VIH paske yo pè pou yo pa transmèt VIH); epi
2. "Tretman Moun ki gen VIH Mande Ekspètiz Espesyal" (Gen kèk doktè ki refere pasyan yo bay lòt founisè swen medikal ki baze sou yon kwayans ki pa kòrèk ke doktè jeneralis yo pa kalifye pou bay swen pasyan ki gen VIH).

Both an outright refusal to provide medical treatment and unnecessary referrals on the basis of a person’s disability are unlawful under the ADA and Rhode Island law.

Tribinal yo te reponn a agiman sa yo nan fason sa yo:

1. "Trete moun ki gen VIH se danjere."

Doktè ak dantis ka deklare ke yon refi pou trete yon pasyan ki gen VIH se lejitim paske yo pè yo ka pran VIH tèt yo atravè pike zegwi oswa lòt ekspozisyon nan san. Sepandan, etid sou travayè swen sante yo konkli ke risk pou pran VIH akòz ekspozisyon pwofesyonèl la piti anpil, sitou lè yo itilize prekosyon inivèsèl.

Se poutèt sa, an 1998, Lakou Siprèm Etazini an te pran yon desizyon nan ka a Bragdon kont Abbott (524 U.S. 624 (1998)) that health care providers cannot refuse to treat people with HIV based on concerns or fears about HIV transmission.

Anplis pèspektiv legal la, ni Asosyasyon Medikal Ameriken an ni Asosyasyon Dantè Ameriken an, ansanm ak anpil lòt òganizasyon pwofesyonèl swen sante, te pibliye règleman ki di li pa etik pou refize tretman bay yon moun ki gen VIH.

2. "Tretman Moun ki gen VIH mande yon ekspètiz espesyal"

Nan ka sa yo, merit yon plent pou diskriminasyon depann de si, ki baze sou prèv medikal objektif, sèvis oswa tretman pasyan an bezwen an mande yon rekòmandasyon bay yon espesyalis oswa si li nan kad sèvis ak konpetans founisè a.

Nan Etazini kont Morvant (898 F.Supp. 1157 (E.D. La 1995)), a federal trial court rejected a dentist’s claim that patients with HIV require a specialist for routine dental care. The court agreed with the testimony of experts who said that no special training or expertise, other than that possessed by a general dentist, is required to provide dental treatment to people with HIV. The court specifically rejected the dentist’s arguments that he was unqualified because he had not kept up with the literature and training necessary to treat patients with HIV. While this case arose in the context of dental care, it is applicable to other medical settings as well.

Anba Tit III nan ADA a, li ilegal pou yon founisè swen sante:

1. Refize yon pasyan ki VIH pozitif pou "jwi sèvis medikal yo nèt ale epi egalman" oubyen refize yon pasyan ki VIH pozitif pou "benefisye" sèvis medikal yo menm jan ak lòt pasyan yo.
2. Etabli "kritè kalifikasyon" pou privilèj pou resevwa sèvis medikal yo, ki gen tandans pou elimine pasyan ki teste pozitif pou VIH.
3. Bay pasyan ki VIH pozitif oswa ki pa bay pasyan sèvis "diferan oswa separe" nan "anviwònman ki pi entegre a".
4. Refize sèvis medikal egal a yon moun ke yo konnen ki gen yon "relasyon" oswa "asosyasyon" ak yon moun ki gen VIH, tankou yon mari oswa yon madanm, yon patnè, yon pitit, oswa yon zanmi.

Lè nou aplike dispozisyon espesifik ADA ki anwo yo nan pratik swen sante, pratik sa yo ilegal:

• Yon founisè swen sante pa ka refize trete yon moun ki gen VIH paske li santi li gen risk transmisyon VIH la oubyen paske doktè a tou senpleman pa santi l alèz pou trete yon moun ki gen VIH.
• Yon founisè swen sante pa ka dakò pou trete yon pasyan sèlman nan yon anviwònman tretman deyò biwo abityèl doktè a, tankou yon klinik espesyal nan yon lopital, tou senpleman paske moun nan VIH pozitif.
• Yon founisè swen sante pa ka refere yon pasyan ki gen VIH bay yon lòt klinik oswa yon lòt espesyalis, sof si tretman ki nesesè a pa nan kad pratik abityèl oswa espesyalite doktè a. ADA a egzije pou referans pasyan ki gen VIH yo fèt sou menm baz ak referans lòt pasyan yo. Sepandan, li pèmèt pou refere yon pasyan bay swen espesyalize si pasyan an gen kondisyon medikal ki gen rapò ak VIH ki pa nan kad konpetans oswa sèvis founisè a.
• Yon founisè swen sante pa ka ogmante pri sèvis pou yon pasyan ki gen VIH pou l ka itilize prekosyon adisyonèl anplis pwosedi kontwòl enfeksyon OSHA ak CDC yo egzije. Nan sèten sikonstans, li ka menm yon vyolasyon ADA pou itilize prekosyon adisyonèl ki pa nesesè ki gen tandans estigmatize yon pasyan tou senpleman sou baz estati VIH li.
• Yon founisè swen sante pa ka limite lè yo pwograme pou trete pasyan ki gen VIH, tankou ensiste pou yon pasyan ki gen VIH vini nan fen jounen an.

It is illegal under Rhode Island’s HIV-specific antidiscrimination law (RI ST 23-6.3-11) and Rhode Island’s disability antidiscrimination law (RI ST 34-37-4) to discriminate on the basis of HIV status in the granting of any form of credit or loan.

Under the National Fair Housing Amendments of 1989 (42 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3619), it is illegal to discriminate on the basis of HIV status in the financing of housing.

It is illegal under Rhode Island’s HIV-specific antidiscrimination law (RI ST 23-6.3-11) and Section 504 of the federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. § 794) to discriminate on the basis of HIV status in public school programs or activities.