
为 LGBTQI+ 青少年创建安全包容的学校:联邦和缅因州法律
所有学生都有权获得优质教育所提供的机会。
培育包容性的公立学校学习环境,让更多的学生享受到教育的好处和机会。
确保所有学生在学校感到受欢迎对于学生的身心健康至关重要,并且可以使学生更好地为我们的社区做出贡献。
创建和维护一个包容性的学习环境不仅是正确的事情,也是缅因州乃至全美的法律。
根据缅因州法律,学校有义务“防止因性别、性取向或身体或精神残疾而产生的教育歧视”。 5 Me. Rev. Stat. §4552。 这项义务是维护“有尊严地生活的基本人权”和“审查所有侵犯基本人权的行为”的更大承诺的一部分。 5 Me. Rev. Stat. §4552。
根据联邦和缅因州法律以及美国和缅因州宪法,学生有权接受教育,不论其性别、性取向、性别认同或跨性别身份。
概括
缅因州LGBTQI+学生群体庞大,且不断增长。2019年一项针对所有高中生的调查显示,12.41%的学生是女同性恋、男同性恋或双性恋,4.41%的学生不确定自己的性取向。1.61%的学生是跨性别者,1.61%的学生不确定自己的性别认同。 请参阅缅因州教育部和卫生与公众服务部, 缅因州综合青少年健康调查 (MIYHS) 高中报告 (2019),第 4 页。LGBTQI+ 学生群体的多样性与缅因州一样,来自该州各个地区、各种类型的家庭以及各种种族和民族背景。报告指出,被视为 LGBTQI+ 或性别不符的学生在学校遭受骚扰的比例过高。LGBTQI+ 高中生比异性恋和顺性别学生更有可能:
- 在学校财产上受到武器威胁或伤害(同上,第 86 页)
- 在学校内发生肢体冲突(同上,第 95 页)
- 遭受身体欺凌和网络欺凌(同上,第 98、102 页)
- 在上下学途中,收到关于其种族或民族以及性取向或性别不一致的冒犯性评论(同上,第 135、137-38、141、144 页)。
欺凌和骚扰会造成负面影响。与异性恋和顺性别同龄人相比,LGBTQI+ 学生更容易感到悲伤和无助,从而影响他们的正常生活能力(同上,150)。更多 LGBTQI+ 学生也曾认真考虑或计划过自杀(同上,162、166)。 另请参阅缅因州教育部和卫生与公众服务部,LGBT 学生健康 (2019)。 情况并非一定如此。当学校管理人员、教职员工和教师深入了解 LGBTQI+ 学生及其家长或监护人时,LGBTQI+ 学生在学校会获得更积极、更支持的体验。通过更深入地了解 LGBTQI+ 学生的经历、需求和天赋,学校领导能够更好地确保所有学生享有平等的待遇和机会。最终,学校环境和学习成果将惠及所有人。
本文件概述了一些旨在加强对所有学生平等对待并要求学校应对骚扰和欺凌行为的法律。但请记住:法律必须以包容的文化为支撑。每个人都有责任确保所有年轻人都受到重视和尊重。
如果您正在遭受骚扰或歧视,并希望与他人谈论您的情况,请拨打 GLAD 的免费、保密法律信息热线 1-800-455-GLAD 或访问 www.gladanswers.org.
手表: 返校信息 为美国司法部、教育部、卫生与公众服务部等部门的跨性别学生
目录
- 缅因州反歧视法如何适用于教育?
- 缅因州哪些学校受到州反歧视法的保护?
- 缅因州法律如何定义性取向和性别认同或表达?
- 学校不得基于学生的性取向、性别认同或性别表达歧视学生,这是什么意思?
- 缅因州法律是否明确保护跨性别学生和性别扩展学生平等获得和平等参与所有学校项目的权利?
- 缅因州教育部如何解决学校安全问题?
- 缅因州哪些法律与欺凌、骚扰和歧视有关?
- 缅因州的反欺凌法为公立学校学生提供什么保护?
- 法律禁止哪些类型的欺凌行为?
- 学生受法律保护在哪里?
- 学校必须采取哪些措施来遵守反欺凌法?
缅因州法律概述
缅因州反歧视法如何适用于教育?
根据缅因州法律,学生不能因为身份不同而受到区别对待、处于不利地位,或被排除在“教育机构”的教育机会和项目之外。
这意味着学生可能“因为性别、性取向、身体或精神残疾、国籍或种族而参加所有教育、咨询和职业指导计划以及所有学徒和在职培训计划”。 5 Me. Rev. Stat. §4601。
因“性别”而产生的歧视包括基于性别认同和性别表达的歧视。
教育对于人生的成功至关重要,缅因州也宣布教育机会是每个人的“公民权利”。
个体是多维度的。例如,他们可能是 LGBTQI+ 人士,并且是黑人、拉丁裔、亚裔、原住民或其他有色人种学生,或身患残疾的 LGBTQI+ 人士。一个人可能仅仅因为 LGBTQI+ 身份,或结合其他个人特征,就遭受歧视——与他人相比受到不同且不利的待遇。
缅因州法律规定 LGBTQI+ 学生不得:
- 由于对其能力的看法而被排除在教育主流之外;
- 因同样的行为受到比其他学生更严厉的处罚;
- 禁止牵手、公开示爱(PDA)或分享自己的身份(如果其他学生可以这样做);或者
- 遭受贬损性对待(包括诽谤、侮辱、嘲笑、威胁或攻击),影响他们有意义地参与学校的学术和其他活动的能力。
缅因州哪些学校受到州反歧视法的保护?

该法律适用于:
- 所有公立学校;
- 任何经批准用于学费用途的男女合校私立学校。(有关私立学校使用公共资金支付学费的批准要求,请参阅 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. 第 2951 节); 和
- 缅因州所有公立高等教育机构,如社区学院和缅因大学。 参见 5 Me. Rev. Stat. 第 4553(2-A) 条 (教育机构的定义)。
任何“由合法宗教法人、协会或社团拥有、控制或运营的教育机构”的宗教学校均不受有关性取向、性别认同和表达的反歧视法的约束。 参见 5 Me. Rev. Stat. 第 4602 节。
缅因州法律如何定义性取向和性别认同或表达?
缅因州禁止教育歧视的法律规定 “性取向” 作为一个人的“实际或感知的异性恋、双性恋、同性恋或性别认同或表达”。 参见 5 Me. Rev. Stat. 第 4553(9-C) 条.
法律定义了该术语 “性别认同” 指“个人的性别相关身份、外貌、举止或其他性别相关特征,无论该个人出生时的指定性别如何”。 参见 5 Me. Rev. Stat. 第 4553(5-C) 条。
缅因州人权委员会对这一定义进行了详细阐述,解释说“性别认同”是指“个人对自己性别真诚持有的核心信念,无论该个人认同自己是男性、女性、混合性别、既不是男性也不是女性,还是其他什么身份”,也无论他们选择使用“诸如,例如……‘酷儿’、‘性别酷儿’、‘双性别’、‘双性人’或‘性别流动’等词语。”参见 缅因州人权委员会,《关于解释 MHRA 教育条款的备忘录》(2016 年 1 月 13 日)。术语变化很快,现在许多人都使用“非二元”一词。
缅因州人权委员会定义 “性别表达” 为“个人通过衣着、发型、珠宝、声音和行为等方式对其性别认同的外在表达”。 参见缅因州人权委员会,《关于解释 MHRA 教育条款的备忘录》(2016 年 1 月 13 日) (通常称为 MHRC 2016 解释性备忘录)。有些人认为某些学生的性别表达“不符合性别规范”,有时也称其为“性别扩张型”。
缅因州人权委员会澄清说,该法规涵盖所有性取向,例如包括那些被认定为无性恋的人。 参见 MHRC 2016 解释备忘录。
学校不得基于学生的性取向、性别认同或性别表达歧视学生,这是什么意思?
简而言之,这意味着你不能因为你的性取向、性别认同或性别表达而被“与其他学生隔离或分开,或被迫进入某些学校或班级,或受到骚扰”。 参见缅因州人权委员会,《缅因州人权法案下的学生权利》.
《缅因州人权法案》保障学生(包括LGBTQI+学生)参与学术、课外活动、体育、研究、职业培训和所有其他教育项目的权利,使其免受基于性取向、性别认同或性别表达的歧视。该法案还保障学生在入学和申请经济援助过程中免受基于性取向、性别认同或性别表达的歧视。
在缅因州,教育机构基于性别、性取向、性别认同或性别表达做出以下行为均属违法:
- 在任何学术、课外、研究、职业培训或其他计划或活动中,禁止某人参与、剥夺某人的利益或对其进行歧视;
- 剥夺一个人在体育项目中的平等机会;
- 适用任何有关某人实际或潜在的家庭或婚姻状况的规则,或将任何人排除在任何计划之外
或活动…; - 拒绝入学机构或项目,或未能通过招聘提供平等的入学机会和有关机构或项目的信息;或
- 拒绝提供经济援助的机会。” 参见 5 Me. Rev. Stat. 第 4602 节。
2019年,缅因州还颁布了一项法律,保护LGBTQI+青少年免遭“扭转疗法”的侵害,该法律禁止学校社工、学校辅导员和所有有执照的心理健康服务提供者试图改变未成年人的性取向或性别认同。 参见 32 Me. Rev. Stat. sec. 3300-G。
缅因州法律是否明确保护跨性别学生和性别扩展学生平等获得和平等参与所有学校项目的权利?
是的。学校不得歧视跨性别学生和性别认同多元化的学生,或不按照他们的性别认同对待他们。缅因州人权委员会已发布官方指南,指导学校如何运用缅因州《人权法案》尊重学生的性别认同。 参见缅因州人权委员会,《MHRA 教育条款解释备忘录》(2016 年 1 月 13 日)。 根据官方指导:
竞技“学生应被允许根据其性别认同参加单性别/性别团队的比赛。” 本准则受其他校际体育运动法律和规则的约束。例如,缅因州校长协会负责规范高中体育运动,并假定学生将根据其性别认同参与其中。该协会还要求跨性别学生对任何可能涉及运动优势或安全的问题进行保密评估。 参见缅因州校长协会手册(2020-2021),第 19-20 页。 到目前为止,所有学生都被允许参加。
NCAA 负责管理大学体育运动,保障跨性别学生运动员享有平等参与大学体育运动的权利。对于 NCAA 运动员而言,跨性别女性运动员在接受一年睾酮抑制治疗后即可参加比赛。 参见《NCAA 对跨性别学生运动员的包容性》(2011 年 8 月).

学校设施。 “学生必须被允许使用与其性别认同相符的厕所、更衣室和淋浴设施。”学生“不得被要求使用与其出生性别相符的设施,前提是其出生性别与其性别认同不同。”这也与缅因州法院的裁决相一致 美国能源部诉Reg'l Sch。单元 26, 86 A.3d 600 (Me. 2014) 以及联邦上诉法院的判例法。 参见 Grimm v. Gloucester Cnty. Sch. Bd.,972 F.3d 586 (4th Cir. 2020),认证被驳回,2021 US LEXIS 3441 (2021 年 6 月 28 日); Adams 前亲戚 Kasper 诉 Sch. Bd. St. Johns Cnty.,2021 US App. LEXIS 20777(第 11 巡回法院,2021 年 7 月 14 日)。
包括缅因州在内的全国各地的数十名学校管理人员认为,实施包容性学校政策,允许跨性别学生使用符合其性别认同的学校设施和课程,已经“改善了所有学生的教育体验”。 参见法庭之友学校管理人员支持被上诉人的摘要,第 5 页,Adams ex rel. Kasper v. Sch. Bd. St. Johns Cnty.,968 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 2020)(编号 18-13592);意见修改, 2021 美国上诉 LEXIS 20777(第 11 巡回上诉法院,2021 年 7 月 14 日).
全国学校董事会协会的指导意见还鼓励学校遵守联邦法规和指导,“明确要求学校允许学生使用与其性别认同相符的卫生间和更衣室”。 参见全国学校董事会协会,《关于防止和打击基于性别认同或性取向的歧视的行政命令》(2021 年 1 月 20 日),第 2 页。
名字和代词。 缅因州人权委员会建议学生以书面形式明确通知学校,要求学校工作人员使用学生选择的姓名和代词。此后,学校及其工作人员应在所有文件和所有通讯中“使用符合学生性别认同的首选姓名和代词”。此规则的唯一例外是学生的正式记录,除非法院命令更改,否则必须使用学生的法定姓名。
该指南还建议员工“必须使用学生选择的名字来称呼学生,并使用与学生性别认同一致的代词”。
应学生的要求,学校还应“指导学生使用学生自选的姓名称呼学生,并使用与其性别认同相符的代词”。学校“拒绝承认学生性别认同”的模式,例如未使用“学生自选的姓名和代词”,可能构成对《缅因州人权法案》的违反。将这种尊重延伸至年轻人,会影响他们的教育环境和学习机会。
孩子们需要在学校受到尊重,才能在学校参与学习。成年人如何看待这些孩子的成长历程并不重要;重要的是学生的需求。
– B.,约克郡一名跨性别高中生的家长
学生形象。 所有学生都有权在学校允许的范围内表达自己的意见。正如官方指南所解释的那样,学生“应该被允许穿着与其性别认同相符的服装”。如果学校有着装规范,则“该着装规范应适用于学生,并使其与学生的性别认同相符”。
与父母发生冲突。 “若学生与其父母/法定监护人就学生的性取向、性别认同或性别表达存在分歧,教育机构应尽可能尊重学生在校期间就其性别认同和性别表达的意愿。”(着重号为作者所加)。学校工作人员在校使用孩子的昵称已无需家长许可。本指南体现了学校保护学生在“包容性学习环境”学校就读的权利的义务。 参见 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. 第 6554(1) 条
联邦法律概述
是否有任何联邦法律禁止基于性取向或性别认同或表达的歧视?
是的。1972年《教育修正案》第九条是一项联邦法律,禁止接受联邦资助的学校“基于性别”进行歧视。 参见 20 USC§ 1681.
学校不得基于性别而区别对待任何人,或以其他方式限制其获得机会。 参见 34 CFR § 106.31。 性别歧视包括歧视性纪律、骚扰和性暴力,以及基于性别的不平等的教育资源或体育机会。 有关性别的定义请参阅下一节。
第九条还禁止基于学生怀孕或家庭状况的歧视。
第九条的保护范围不仅限于学生,还保护学校员工和家长/监护人免受基于性别的歧视。 请参阅美国教育部民权办公室,《性别歧视:常见问题解答》(2021 年 6 月 15 日)。
两家联邦上诉法院裁定,跨性别学生有权根据其性别认同参与学校活动和使用学校设施,这两项权利均受美国宪法和(其中一例)《教育法修正案第九条》的保护。 格林一名跨性别学生因学校董事会拒绝其使用男厕所而对其提起诉讼。第四巡回上诉法院裁定,学校董事会的拒绝行为违反了第十四修正案中的平等保护条款和《教育法修正案第九条》。最高法院决定不予受理此案,维持第四巡回上诉法院的判决。 参见 Grimm v.Gloucester Cnty. Sch. Bd.,972 F.3d 586, 593–94 (4th Cir. 2020),认证被驳回,2021 US LEXIS 3441 (2021 年 6 月 28 日)。
在 亚当斯,一名跨性别学生还起诉学校董事会,因为学校董事会拒绝他进入男厕所。 第十一巡回上诉法院裁定 学校董事会的政策侵犯了他的宪法平等保护权。然而,合议庭再次审理了此案,并 判决亚当斯败诉,但有强烈反对意见.
另一家联邦法院裁定,爱达荷州在全国率先禁止跨性别女孩和妇女参加与其性别认同相符的体育运动,违反了《教育法修正案第九条》。 Hecox诉Little案,479 F. Supp. 3d 930 (D. ID 2020);(鉴于情况变化,发回地方法院审理诉讼资格问题)。另请参阅西弗吉尼亚州7.21号案件。
此外,西弗吉尼亚州一家联邦地区法院最近发布了一项初步禁令,阻止该州的体育禁令针对一名跨性别学生生效。法官裁定,该学生很可能基于两个理由胜诉。首先,该禁令适用于该学生,“与保护女孩的体育运动机会或她们参与体育运动时的人身安全无实质性关联”。因此,该学生很可能成功证明该禁令违反了《第十四修正案》中的平等保护条款。其次,该禁令基于性别将该学生排除在学校体育运动之外,因此该学生很可能成功获得其“第九条修正案”的申诉。参见 BPJ 等人诉西弗吉尼亚州教育委员会。,编号 2:21- cv-00316(弗吉尼亚州 SDW,2021 年 7 月 21 日)(授予初步禁令的命令)。这是一个瞬息万变的领域;请联系 GLAD 了解更多信息。
哪些学校符合《第九条》的要求?
由于联邦政府为许多学校提供资金,《第九条修正案》适用于所有公立学校和许多私立学校。《第九条修正案》也适用于所有公立学院和大学以及几乎所有私立学院和大学。 看 美国教育部民权办公室,性别歧视:常见问题解答(2021 年 6 月 15 日).
请注意,宗教学校可以选择不受第九条的保护。 看 34 联邦法规§106.12(b)。 此说明很重要,因为不需要正式的退出通知,因此学生和家长可能不知道学校已免除了性别歧视的禁令。
性别歧视与性取向和性别认同有何关系?

由于《第九条修正案》禁止学校因“性别”而区别对待一个人,因此它也禁止因性取向、性别认同和表达而区别对待一个人。
2020 年,美国最高法院对《民权法案》第七章的另一项规定进行了解释,该规定涉及因个人“性别”而导致的工作场所歧视。 看 博斯托克诉克莱顿县,140 S. Ct.1731(2020)。 最高法院裁定,第七章对“性别”歧视的保护必然包括对基于性取向或性别认同的歧视的保护。 ID. 在 1741。诸如“性”之类的术语在民权法中有着一致的解释。
美国教育部对于歧视 LGBTQI+ 年轻人有何看法?
2021 年 6 月,美国教育部发布了一份解释通知,宣布与 博斯托克,该部门将把《第九条》中禁止“基于性别”的歧视解释为包括基于性取向和性别认同的歧视。 参见美国教育部《解释通知:1972 年教育修正案第九条关于基于性取向和性别认同的歧视的执行》, 博斯托克诉克莱顿县 (2021年6月16日)。有关 K-12 教育中性骚扰的更多具体指导即将出台。
通知解释说,教育部民权办公室“将全面执行”对《第九条》的这一解释,部分原因是“基于性别认同或性取向对学生的差别对待可能会造成伤害”。通过解释《第九条》以保护学生免受歧视,教育部将实现该法规“确保平等机会”的宗旨。
基于性取向和性别认同的歧视可能包括“个人因其性取向或性别认同而受到骚扰、歧视性处分、被排除在学术或课外机会及其他教育计划或活动之外、被剥夺平等机会、遭受性别刻板印象、被剥夺此类计划或活动的利益,或受到其他不同对待”。
宪法概述
美国宪法是否有任何保护措施防止因性取向、性别认同或表达而受到歧视?
是的。美国宪法第十四修正案保障所有人在法律面前享有“平等保护”的权利。这项保障长期以来一直适用于LGBTQI+人群,例如 罗默诉埃文斯案,517 US 620(1996) 以及基于性别的歧视。 例如,参见 克雷格诉博伦案,429 US 190(1976年).
当 LGBTQI+ 学生因其性别、性取向或性别认同而受到学校与其他学生不同的对待时,这种歧视也可能违反美国宪法。
多家联邦法院裁定,学校要求学生使用与其“生理性别”相符的卫生间的政策属于性别歧视,违反了美国宪法第十四修正案。 格林诉格洛斯特县学校董事会案,972 F.3d 586, 613–15(第四巡回上诉法院,2020 年); 惠特克诉基诺沙联合学区第一教育委员会,858 F.3d 1034, 1050–54(第7巡回法院,2017年).
例如,第十一巡回上诉法院的判决是,学区要求学生使用与入学文件相符而非性别认同的卫生间的政策违反了《第十四修正案》。 亚当斯前亲戚卡斯珀诉圣约翰县学区。,2021 US App. LEXIS 20777,第 24-25 页(第 11 巡回上诉法院,2021 年 7 月 14 日)。 如果学校未能保护 LGBTQI+ 学生免受骚扰,但可以保护其他学生免受同样的骚扰,这种失败也可能侵犯 LGBTQI+ 学生的宪法平等保护权利。 参见 Nabozny v. Podlesny,92 F.3d 446(第 7 巡回法院,1996 年); 参见 弗洛雷斯诉摩根山联合学区案,324 F.3d 1130, 1135(第九巡回上诉法院,2003 年) (结论是学区未能执行反骚扰政策来保护 LGBTQI+ 学生可能构成违宪行为)。
宪法以多种方式规定了学生在校的权利——从储物柜搜查到言论自由到审查制度。 联系 GLAD Answers 关于这些或其他问题。
学校安全法规
缅因州教育部如何解决学校安全问题?
缅因州教育局致力于让每个孩子都取得成功。这是缅因州教育领导和教职员工的承诺,同时也履行了为学生提供平等、公平机会的法律要求。
缅因州教育部相关的三个中心是:
MDOE 要求学校、教职员工和学生支持“学生的社会/情感健康”,肯定每个人“帮助创造和维持健康学校环境的责任”,并鼓励个人对每个孩子的福利做出承诺。 参见缅因州学校安全中心,《信仰声明》¶ 1-2.
MDOE 将对年轻人的共同承诺置于创建“受欢迎、安全且有保障”的环境的核心,以便学生和教职员工、家长和访客能够将学校打造成成长、繁荣和成功的地方。 缅因州学校安全中心,愿景。除了预防之外,学校和学生支持网站还采取了广泛的干预措施,涉及社会和情感学习、创伤知情实践、心理和身体健康、欺凌、学校护理和公平等主题。 全国中学校长协会 是众多支持 LGBTQ+ 学生和教职员工平等的教育工作者组织之一。
为此,马萨诸塞州教育部致力于使学校“尽可能安全可靠”,并“达到所有家长都希望孩子拥有的身体和情感安全水平”。学校文化和学校对纪律的看法密切相关。
根据 MDOE 的说法:
“学校环境、文化、纪律方法以及与社区的互动对所有学生的福祉至关重要,尤其是那些与学校课程格格不入的学生以及有行为和/或心理健康问题的学生。” “学校和社区有责任确定如何合作,以创建系统性的学校安全方法。”
“为了创造健康的学校环境并减少威胁行为,学校和社区应该:
- 努力采取全面、基于证据且有前景的做法,通过成功处理冲突和解决问题来减少暴力;及早发现高危青少年;提供行为健康和全方位服务;并利用家庭和年轻人寻求教育和技能以过上安全和充实的生活的优势。
- 优先对在学校和学生中工作的人员(包括执法人员和学校资源官员)进行培训,采用发展敏感、协作、主动、恢复性、积极、关系导向和增强沟通的方法,帮助有行为挑战的学生。
- 拒绝那些会产生意想不到的后果的政策和做法,即增加不必要地与执法部门、法院和司法系统接触的青少年数量。
- 采用根据新数据和社区需求不断发展的政策和实践。
- 采取为学生提供行为、社会和情感支持和学习计划的政策和实践。
- 采取包括预防药物滥用在内的政策和做法
- 采用最新的实践来确保学校的安全,包括持续的场地评估、目标强化、程序、规程和政策。持续学习对于在所有场所保持最新的实践至关重要——心理健康和战术层面。
缅因州哪些法律与欺凌、骚扰和歧视有关?

有三项法律特别与缅因州学校的欺凌、骚扰和歧视有关。
- 缅因州于 2012 年通过了一项全面的反欺凌法,下文将对此进行详细讨论。 参见 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. 第 6554 节。
- 上文在缅因州法律概述中讨论过的《缅因州人权法案》保护学生在教育方面免受歧视的权利。 参见 5 Me. Rev. Stat. 第 4601 节。
- 根据缅因州人权法案,基于性别的歧视还包括性骚扰或性暴力。 参见 5 Me. Rev. Stat. 第 4602 节。
缅因州的反欺凌法为公立学校学生提供什么保护?
2012年,缅因州通过了一项全面的反欺凌法,该法禁止在校园内进行欺凌,有时在校外,当这种行为与学生在校权利相关时,也禁止这种行为。 参见 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. 第 6554(3) 条反欺凌法规定:“所有学生都有权就读安全、有保障、和平的公立学校。”
美国最高法院最近重申,“学校有责任应对针对学生的有害行为”。Mahanoy Area Sch. Dist. v. BL, 141 S. Ct. 2038 (2021)。尽管该案涉及学校监管校内和校外言论的能力问题,但法院同意学校可以监管“针对特定个人的严重或严重的欺凌或骚扰”。同上,第*12页。
缅因州的反欺凌法也受到关注 DOE 网站。 该网站包含法律和政策信息,以及向州政府报告的欺凌事件数据和预防工具。同样,安全中心也为学校提供服务,包括培训、场地和学校氛围评估以及心理健康和威胁评估。
法律禁止哪些类型的欺凌行为?
欺凌行为往往与骚扰和歧视相重叠,立法机关认为有必要澄清,无论欺凌行为如何定义,仅仅因为个人特征而针对特定人群的做法都是不可接受的。反欺凌法禁止基于以下情况的欺凌行为:
“学生的实际或感知的种族、肤色、宗教、国籍、血统或民族、性取向、社会经济地位、年龄、身体、精神、情感或学习障碍、性别、性别认同和表达、外貌、体重、家庭状况或其他显著的个人特征。” 参见 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. 第 6554(1) 条。
法律禁止基于学生实际或感知的性取向或性别认同和表达,或与具有一个或多个这些实际或感知特征的其他人的交往而实施的欺凌。 参见 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. 第 6554(2)(B)(3) 条
欺凌包括但不限于以下任何形式的交流(书面、口头或电子)或身体行为或手势:
- 对您或您的财产造成伤害,或使您合理地担心受到伤害;
- Creates an intimidating or hostile school environment; or
- Interferes with your academic performance or ability to participate in school activities. See 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. sec. 6554(2)(B)
学生受法律保护在哪里?
The law prohibits bullying on school grounds — which include, in addition to the school and its surrounding property:
- School-related transportation vehicles;
- Other properties where school-sponsored activities, functions, programs, instruction, or training take place; and
- Anywhere else or “through the use of technology” if that bullying interferes with a student’s participation or performance at school or creates a hostile environment at school for the student. 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. §§6554(3); (2)(E); (2)(B)(2); and (4)(B).
学校必须采取哪些措施来遵守反欺凌法?
The law also requires schools to take affirmative steps to address the problem of bullying. Schools must develop policies and procedures to prevent bullying and cyberbullying and to address it when it does occur. See 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. §§6554(5) – (9).
A school’s approach to bullying prevention and redress also should include the recommendations of the MDOE School Safety Center. We can expect the MDOE to provide further clarification of how safety and bullying can both be addressed.
Under the anti-bullying law, schools must:
- Protect all students, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity or expression from bullying, cyberbullying, harassment, and sexual harassment.
- Issue a clear policy banning bullying, harassment, sexual harassment, and retaliation for reporting incidents of such behavior. The policy must provide disciplinary consequences for bullying.
- The Maine Department of Education publishes a Model Policy for bullying and cyberbullying prevention in schools. It can be downloaded from the Department of Education’s Bullying Prevention website.
- Set out procedures for promptly investigating and responding to incidents of bullying, including written documentation of incidents and the outcome of investigations.
- Develop and administer ways to remedy incidents of bullying to counter the negative impact of the bullying and reduce the risk of future bullying. This process may include alternative forms of discipline and restorative school practices to repair the harm caused by the student’s misbehavior.
- The school also must provide harm-reduction services and referrals for all students involved in incidents of bullying.
- The school also must set out a process for communicating to the parent(s) of a student who has been bullied the steps taken by the school to ensure the safety of the student and to prevent further acts of bullying. The school also must provide harm-reduction services and referrals for all students involved in incidents of bullying
- The school also must set out a process for communicating to the parent(s) of a student who has been bullied the steps taken by the school to ensure the safety of the student and to prevent further acts of bullying.
- Require that all school staff members, coaches, and advisors report bullying incidents to the principal or other school personnel.
- Provide training to staff members as to bullying policies and obligations under the law.
- Provide the anti-bullying policy annually to all students, parents, and staff.
- Submit a yearly report to the state Department of Education that describes the nature of bullying incidents and the consequences and actions taken by the school to address the incident. See 20-A Me. Rev. Stat. sec. 254(11-A)(A).
Preventing and Intervening in Discrimination and Bullying:
Recommended Steps for All Students, Including LGBTQI+ Students
预防
我如何防止学校里的欺凌、骚扰和歧视?
There are a number of laws that forbid bullying, harassment, and discrimination in school, many of which are described in greater detail in the previous section. The Educational Opportunities Section of the Civil Rights Division at the U.S. Department of Justice and the Office for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education has also affirmed that they will enforce the law when schools do not meet their obligations by failing to ensure a safe school environment for all students, including LGBTQI+ students, in all aspects of education. See U.S. Department of Justice & Department of Education, Confronting Anti-LGBTQI+ Harassment in Schools. See also U.S. Department of Education, Title IX and Sex Discrimination (June 2021).
Schools that fail to protect students from anti-LGBTQI+ bullying, harassment, and discrimination expose themselves to legal liability. Among these are:
- Wadington v. Holmdel Twp. Bd. of Educ. (N.J., settled in 2008) (arguing for a student’s right to be protected from antigay harassment under New Jersey’s Law Against Discrimination);
- Henkle v. Gregory (Nev., settled in in 2002) (seeking to enforce a student’s First Amendment right to be out at school);
- Flores v. Morgan Hill Unified Sch. Dist., 324 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir. 2003) (finding that a school is obligated to take meaningful steps to end anti-gay harassment if the school knows such harassment is taking place);
- Nabozny v. Podlesny, 92 F.3d 446 (7th Cir. 1996) (ruling that schools have a responsibility to protect students from antigay verbal and physical abuse); (settled after ruling)
Schools can take steps toward complying with their obligations under law by enacting policies that promote inclusion and prevent bullying, harassment, and discrimination. Students can advocate for such policies if they do not yet exist.
In addition to improved policies, schools can prevent bullying, harassment, and discrimination by taking the following steps:
- Encourage openness and transparency about a school’s policies and procedures for addressing the needs of all students, including LGBTQI+ students. Schools build trust with students, parents, and the wider community when they explain their policies and why they are important and can hear and respond to student, parent/guardian, and community concerns.
- Establish a Gender & Sexuality Alliance (GSA, also referred to as a Gay-Straight Alliance). Research shows that such organizations can foster a school culture in which students are less likely to hear homophobic slurs. See A. Orr, J. Baum et al., Schools in Transition: Supporting Transgender Students in K-12 Schools, 11. Students in schools with GSA report perceptions of greater school safety and less homophobic bullying. See Salvatore Ioverno et al., The Protective Role of Gay-Straight Alliances for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning Students: A Prospect Analysis, 3 Psychology of Sexual Orientation & Gender Diversity 397, 397 (2016). Researchers have also found an association between the presence of a high school GSA and better young adult well-being, more college-level educational attainment, and fewer problems related to substance abuse. See Russell B. Toomey et al., High School Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) and Young Adult Well-Being: An Examination of GSA Presence, Participation, and Perceived Effectiveness, 15 Applied Developmental Science 175, 182-83 (2011). For more information, see GLAD’s overview on GSAs in schools.
学校在制定强有力的政策以促进包容并防止欺凌、骚扰和歧视时应该考虑什么?
A good policy is explicit about including LGBTQI+ people, and that policy will be evident in school and district policies, on the website, and in school rules, handbooks, and other general circulation materials.
These points were originally written to promote trans inclusivity, but they can be adapted to apply more broadly:
- States its goals and provides leadership by recognizing the school’s obligation to create a safe and inclusive learning environment at school by supporting the student’s identity, including their gender identity, in ways that are age and developmentally appropriate. All students must be treated with dignity and respect.
- States clear definitions of key terms, since many people are hungering for information and vocabulary about sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.
- Provides an opportunity to develop an individual support plan for the student and accepts the student’s assertion of gender identity when consistently asserted.
- The policy should make clear that a school can ask for additional evidence if there is a “credible, objective reason” to believe that a student’s gender identity is being asserted for an improper purpose. 参见缅因州人权委员会,《MHRA 教育条款解释备忘录》(2016 年 1 月 13 日)。
- A school may not require medical records of students. A student can provide a written statement from a health care provider, a document that shows the correct gender marker, and/or a statement from family or from an adult close to them who knows about their core gender identity.

- Respects the student’s personal information, including about disclosure of their gender identity or sexual orientation at school. In the event the student has not disclosed their status to their parents or guardians, the school will support the student in making a plan to do so.
- As a matter of equity, opportunity, and student engagement, requires the school district to use the student’s expressed name and pronouns on all documents (e.g. school identification, classroom rosters, certificates, diplomas, yearbooks), excluding the student’s official record, which must bear their legal name unless changed by a court order.
- Ensures students are able to use restrooms, locker rooms, and changing facilities corresponding with their gender identity.
- Requires annual staff training concerning the policy. In addition, schools and districts should design and implement professional development programs that equip teachers and administrators with tools and knowledge to engage with and support LGBTQI+ students. See National School Boards Association, Bridging the Gap: Professional Development and LGBTQ Youth (Feb. 1, 2021).
- Requires the publication and dissemination of the policy on the internet, in handbooks, and to the community.
- Identifies staff who are obligated to respond to complaints of harassment, bullying, or discrimination and procedures for addressing such complaints. In the context of Title IX, the National Women’s Law Center encourages schools to remember the three P’s: a school district must have designated a person to respond to complaints, a policy against sex discrimination, and a procedure to address complaints. See National Women’s Law Center, Let Her Learn: A Toolkit to Stop School Pushout for Girls Who Have Experienced Sexual Harassment (Oct. 2018).
- Implements restorative justice programs and positive behavior interventions to improve school climate and address the root cause of bullying. “Zero tolerance” policies that punish students for bullying with suspension and expulsion degrade the school climate and create profound harms for students over the short and long term. Such punishments are also disproportionately used against LGBTQ students, students of color, and students with disabilities. See Schools in Transition: Supporting Transgender Students in K-12 Schools, 30.
有没有强有力的政策可以促进包容并防止欺凌、骚扰和歧视?
Yes. Maine School Administration District (MSAD) 30 in Penobscot County has strong ACAA policies related to harassment, including sexual harassment of students. See MSAD 30, Harassment and Sexual Harassment of Students. MSAD 30 also has robust guidelines for fostering a safe, inclusive learning environment for transgender and gender non-conforming students. See MSAD 30, Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Student Guidelines.
For additional support when crafting inclusive policies, consider the following resources.
- GLSEN, Respect for All: Policy Recommendations to Support LGBTQ Students
- National School Boards Association, To Live Out Loud: Support and Protection Help LGBTQ Students to Flourish (June 1, 2021)
- Schools in Transition: Supporting Transgender Students in K-12 Schools
非法律干预
如果我在学校受到歧视,我该怎么办?
Reach out for support. It’s hard for everyone who feels mistreated or marginalized at school. For students, it is important to reach out to friends, family, and school staff for support and problem-solving.
Find someone with whom you feel safe. If you don’t know where to turn, consider the school nurse, social worker, counselor, or others who know you and who are open and affirming of LGBTQI+ people.
Talk it through with allies. Schools are invested in ensuring their students thrive — all of them. If school staff know what is going on, they may be able to intervene informally and end the
troubling behavior. They need to know what is happening and that the behavior is upsetting you so that you can talk it through, identify some coping strategies, and re-establish your sense of belonging and safety.
If you believe that the behavior toward you stems from your identity (including your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression) or any other personal characteristic, it is imperative to reach out for support.
Use policies and law. Maine and federal laws, policies, and guidance can help you establish baseline expectations about your time in school. At a minimum, schools should welcome all young people and treat them with respect. However, students, their families, school staff, and the community must work proactively to create an inclusive school culture that meets— and even exceeds the minimum expectations established by law.
Maine and federal laws, as well as MDOE and MHRC policy and guidance, set expectations for how young people are welcomed into and treated at school. At the same time, it takes students, their families, the school staff, and the community to make those expectations a reality. When means of redress fail, or when the behavior toward a student is severe or pervasive enough that it deprives them of the opportunity to learn and participate on the same ground as others, the law may provide a tool for redressing the issue.
Does the behavior rise to a level where you are feeling unsafe at school, unable to participate in or focus on your classes, or are avoiding school or activities at school?
If so, look at your school policies (such as your student handbook or school nondiscrimination policy) and be sure to follow the guidance about whom to notify and how. This person could be, for example, a vice principal or Title IX coordinator or others
It is very important to inform school staff and administration — including as required by the Handbook — about the harassment, bullying, or other discrimination you are experiencing. It is difficult to attempt to remedy a situation without knowing about it. It is best to do so in person or in writing (by hand, digitally) or both. Share the dates, location, participants, and circumstances of incidents of harassment or discrimination as best you can.
Note that it is always helpful to have a written record—including electronic communication of all sorts—so there is no confusion later
Be sure to keep track, in writing, of what you shared with school officials. For example, if you meet with a staff person who is looking into the situation, write yourself notes about when you met, what you shared with them, and what they said about options and about getting back to you with a response.
If the people who are supposed to help do not, or don’t follow through, you may wish to write to the principal and superintendent and ask for action to end the troubling behaviors so that you can go back to participating fully at school.
行政和法律干预
Maine’s anti-bullying law does not provide you with a legal mechanism to sue other students or teachers. However, you may file a complaint of discrimination against your school and its leaders if your school fails to respond to and rectify bullying, discrimination, and harassment. Before filing a complaint of discrimination, you need to notify the school administration and give them the opportunity to address the situation.
You may contact the Maine Department of Education for further information at (207) 624-6600 (ask for the Affirmative Action Officer). Complaints to the Department of Education must be filed within 180 days of when the discrimination or harassment occurred.
If you believe your rights have been violated under Maine’s anti-discrimination law, you may file a complaint with the Maine Human Rights Commission. (Students under age 18 will need to have their parent/guardian file the complaint). Complaints should be sent to:
Maine Human Rights Commission
51 State House Station
Augusta, Maine 04333
www.maine.gov/mhrc/
The complaint must be filed with the MHRC within 300 days of the last discriminatory act. 看 5 Me. Rev. Stat. sec. 4611.
If you believe your rights under Title IX have been violated, you can make a complaint to your school’s Title IX coordinator. You can also file a complaint with the federal Department of Education:
Office for Civil Rights, Boston Office U.S. Department of Education
5 Post Office Square, 8th Floor
Boston, MA 02109-3921
Online form
If all of these actions fail, you may also wish to consider legal action. This area of the law is complicated as well as emotionally challenging. You may contact GLAD for further information and attorney referrals:
GLAD 答案
(800) 455-GLAD (4523)
GLADAnswers.org
资源
Protect Your Rights
Maine Human Rights Commission
(207) 624-6290
www.state.me.us/mhrc
Maine Department of Education
(207) 624-6600
www.maine.gov/doe
U.S. Dept. of Education Office for Civil Rights
(617) 289-0111
OCR.Boston@ed.gov
More About Your Rights
Full text of Maine’s anti-bullying law
GLAD’s Maine students’ rights webpage
GLAD’s webpage on student rights
LGBTQI+ Advocacy Groups
GLBTQ 法律倡导者和捍卫者 (GLAD)
GLAD Answers: (800) 455-GLAD (4523)
www.gladanswers.org
General: (617) 426-1350
www.gladlaw.org
缅因州平等组织
(207) 761-3732
www.equalitymaine.org
Maine Transgender Network
www.mainetransnet.net
www.mainetrans.net/contact
PFLAG Portland
(207) 831-3015
portlandmainepflag@gmail.com
Local LGBTQI+ Youth Groups
OUT Maine
(800) 530-6997
info@outmaine.org
www.outmaine.org
New Beginnings
(207) 795-4077
www.newbeginmaine.org
Portland Outright
(207) 558-2429
www.portlandoutright.org
Outright LA
(207) 795-8956
www.outrightla.org
Other Resources
Frannie Peabody Center
HIV Testing: (207) 749-6818
prevention@peabodycenter.org
Maine Youth Action Network
www.myan.org
Maine Coalition to End Domestic Violence (MCEDV)
HelpLine: (866) 834-HELP (4357)
General: (207) 430-8334
info@mcedv.org
www.mcedv.org
Maine Coalition Against Sexual Assault
(MECASA)
800-871-7741
www.mecasa.org